September 20, 2011

Greece's Liquidity & Solvency

Are the world's economic leaders focused on solving the wrong problem related to Europe's sovereign debt woes?

As you may know, Greece and several other European countries are in debt up to their eyeballs. Much of their debt is held by European banks and there's a big worry that if Greece or some other countries default, then some European banks may face major write-offs that could severely jeopardize their viability.

Unfortunately, what the powers that be in Europe are doing is akin to you going to the doctor and being treated for severe back pain with a heavy dose of pain medication. Rather than "heal" your back, the pain killer simply "masks" the pain.

Last week, five of the world's leading central banks announced a coordinated action that made it easier for European banks to borrow U.S. dollars to help fund their loan needs, according to The Wall Street Journal. This move addresses the "liquidity" of European banks, but not the "solvency" of them. In other words, it helps ease the symptom of the problem without actually solving the problem.

Simply put, a liquidity problem means you are short on cash and unable to meet current payments due. Typically, it's a temporary situation that's resolved by a loan or selling an asset to raise cash. By contrast, a solvency problem is much different. It means you have a structural defect and your revenue/assets are not high enough to support your expenses/liabilities. In effect, your business model is unsustainable. Frequently, it leads to a restructuring or bankruptcy.

In Europe, Greece has both a liquidity problem and a solvency problem. And, by extension, the banks heavily exposed to Greece and some of the other weak euro zone countries may be facing a solvency issue if they don't raise additional capital.

So far, European leaders have been unable to agree on a once and for all solution to solve the liquidity and solvency problems facing the euro zone. Until they make the tough decisions, we may be stuck in this volatile market environment.

"Beware of Geeks Bearing Formulas." --Warren Buffett

On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average went into a free-fall that was exacerbated by computerized "portfolio insurance" trading strategies. By the end of the day, about $1 trillion of market value evaporated, according to CNBC.

In the fall of 1998, hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management imploded and had to be bailed out by a consortium of investors orchestrated by the Federal Reserve, according to Investopedia. The fund was led by Nobel-Prize winning economists and employed sophisticated computerized trading strategies that eventually ran amuck.

During the week of August 6, 2007, as the subprime mortgage crisis was gathering speed, several large hedge funds employing quantitative investment strategies "blew up" and lost billions of dollars in just a few days, according to Scott Patterson, author of the book, The Quants.

A "Flash Crash" on May 6, 2010 wiped out $862 billion in market value in a matter of minutes and was triggered by a computer-driven sale, according to Reuters and Bloomberg. Within four days, the entire loss was recouped, according to data from Yahoo! Finance.

Last week, Goldman Sachs announced that it was closing one of its well-known hedge funds that relied on computer-driven trading strategies after it racked up substantial losses this year. At its peak, the fund had $12 billion in assets, according to CNBC.

Despite the occasional headline-grabbing failure of computerized high-frequency trading, it still accounts for roughly 50 percent of all trading volume in the United States, according to Bloomberg. Based on complex mathematics, computer-driven trading is defined as, "A technique that relies on the rapid and automated placement of orders, many of which are immediately updated or canceled, as part of strategies such as market making and statistical arbitrage and tactics based on momentum," according to Bloomberg.

With this technology takeover of Wall Street, a new element of unpredictability has entered the financial markets. The above examples show how volatile things can get when computer models go haywire.

So, some of the volatility we see in the markets these days may be exaggerated by computerized trading-both on the upside and downside. While we may not like it, we need to get used to it.

Weekly Focus - Think About It

"Interest on debts grow without rain."

—Yiddish Proverb

Best regards,

Sean M. Dowling, CFP, EA

President, The Dowling Group Wealth Management

Please feel free to forward this commentary to family, friends, or colleagues. If you would like us to add them to the list, please reply to this e-mail with their e-mail address and we will ask for their permission to be added.

---